Understanding Dual Contributions: Korean National Pension vs. U.S. FICA

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Understanding Dual Contributions: Korean National Pension vs. U.S. FICA Navigating social security systems across borders can be confusing—especially for employees working between Korea and the U.S. A recurring question is: Can someone pay into both Korea’s National Pension and U.S. FICA (Social Security and Medicare taxes) at the same time—and what happens if they do? This post breaks down how the Korea–U.S. Totalization Agreement works, what “coverage” means, and the consequences of dual contributions. 1. The Totalization Agreement at a Glance ๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Since 2001, the Korea–U.S. Totalization Agreement has coordinated social security coverage between the two countries. Its primary goal is to: Prevent double taxation of social security contributions on the same income during the same time period Protect future benefit rights for cross-border workers Key principles: At any given time, only one country’s social security system applies to your wages C...

C Corporation vs. S Corporation vs. Partnership

C Corporation vs. S Corporation vs. Partnership: Choosing the Right Business Structure

When starting a business, selecting the right entity type is crucial for taxes, liability, and management flexibility. Three common structures—C Corporation, S Corporation, and Partnership—each offer distinct advantages and limitations. Let's break down their key differences to help you make an informed decision.

1. C Corporation (C Corp)

Best for: Large businesses planning to raise significant capital or go public.

  • Taxation: Subject to double taxation—profits are taxed at the corporate level, and dividends distributed to shareholders are taxed again on their personal returns.
  • Ownership: Unlimited number of shareholders allowed; preferred by investors.
  • Liability Protection: Owners (shareholders) have limited liability—their personal assets are protected from business debts.
  • Management: Operates with a board of directors and officers, ensuring a structured leadership hierarchy.
  • Complexity: Requires strict compliance with corporate formalities, including board meetings and financial disclosures.

2. S Corporation (S Corp)

Best for: Small to medium-sized businesses seeking tax advantages and liability protection.

  • Taxation: Pass-through taxation—profits and losses flow directly to shareholders, avoiding corporate tax.
  • Ownership: Limited to 100 shareholders, and all must be U.S. citizens or residents.
  • Liability Protection: Like a C Corp, shareholders have limited liability for company debts.
  • Management: Similar to C Corp, but with fewer regulatory requirements.
  • Complexity: More flexible than a C Corp, but still requires formalities like shareholder meetings.

3. Partnership

Best for: Small businesses or professional firms with multiple owners.

  • Taxation: Pass-through taxation—profits are reported on individual partners’ tax returns.
  • Ownership: Can have multiple partners, with varying roles and profit-sharing agreements.
  • Liability Protection:
    • General Partnership – Partners have personal liability for business debts.
    • Limited Partnership (LP) – Some partners have limited liability while general partners assume full liability.
    • Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) – All partners have limited liability (common for law firms and accounting firms).
  • Management: Flexible structure, governed by partnership agreements.
  • Complexity: Easier to set up than corporations, but requires a clear agreement to avoid disputes.

Which Structure Is Right for You?

  • Choose a C Corp for investor funding and long-term growth.
  • Select an S Corp for tax advantages with liability protection.
  • Opt for a Partnership if you want simplicity and shared management responsibilities.

Each structure has unique benefits and considerations, so consulting a CPA or legal expert is advisable before making a decision!


C Corporation, S Corporation, Partnership: ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ํ•ฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?

์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ, ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„, ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋“ฑ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ C Corporation, S Corporation, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Partnership(ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ)์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

1. C Corporation(์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ)

์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ: ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด, ํˆฌ์ž ์œ ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…

  • ์„ธ๊ธˆ: ์ด์ค‘ ๊ณผ์„ธ(double taxation) ์ ์šฉ – ๋ฒ•์ธ ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋จ.
  • ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ: ์ฃผ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜ ์ œํ•œ ์—†์Œ, ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•จ.
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ: ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„(limited liability)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋จ.
  • ์šด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ: ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ(board of directors)**์™€ ์ž„์›์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ.
  • ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ: ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ํšŒ์˜, ์žฌ๋ฌด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.

2. S Corporation(์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ)

์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ: ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…, ์„ธ๊ธˆ ํ˜œํƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด

  • ์„ธ๊ธˆ: ํŒจ์Šค-์Šค๋ฃจ(pass-through taxation) – ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋จ.
  • ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ: ์ตœ๋Œ€ 100๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ.
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ: C Corporation๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง.
  • ์šด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ: C Corporation๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒ•์  ์š”๊ฑด์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋จ.
  • ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ: ์ฃผ์ฃผ ํšŒ์˜ ๋“ฑ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, C Corporation๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ.

3. Partnership(ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ)

์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ: ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ์—…, ๊ณต๋™ ์ฐฝ์—…์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…

  • ์„ธ๊ธˆ: ํŒจ์Šค-์Šค๋ฃจ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ ์šฉ – ์‚ฌ์—… ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์˜ ์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋จ.
  • ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ: ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช…์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊ณต๋™ ์†Œ์œ  ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ:
    • ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ(General Partnership, GP) – ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ถ€์ฑ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„(unlimited liability)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง.
    • ์œ ํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ(Limited Partnership, LP) – ์ผ๋ถ€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง.
    • ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ(Limited Liability Partnership, LLP) – ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง(ํšŒ๊ณ„๋ฒ•์ธ, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์— ์ ํ•ฉ).
  • ์šด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ: ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
  • ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ: ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.

์–ด๋–ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?

  • C Corporation์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • S Corporation์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ํ˜œํƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • Partnership์€ ๊ณต๋™ ์šด์˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์†Œํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ƒ๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!


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